2021
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211383521003488
Repurposing non-oncology small-molecule drugs to improve cancer therapy: Current situation and future directions
Drug repurposing or repositioning has been well-known to refer to the therapeutic applications of a drug for another indication other than it was orig…
www.sciencedirect.com
Repurposing non-oncology small-molecule drugs to improve cancer therapy: Current situation and future directions
https://clue.io/repurposing--->참조
THE DRUG REPURPOSING HUB
The Drug Repurposing Hub is a curated and annotated collection of FDA-approved drugs, clinical trial drugs, and pre-clinical tool compounds with a companion information resource. Order library plates to screen yourself or collaborate with the Broad Institu
clue.io
그림 2 . 암 치료에서 약물 용도 변경의 관련 신호 경로.
첫 번째는 클로로퀸 , 아르테미시닌 , 다라프림 , 벤즈트로핀 및 오라노핀에 대한 JAK/STAT3 경로
디곡신 , 심바스타틴 , 메바스타틴 , 플루바스타틴 , 넬피나비르 , 메벤다졸, 니클로사미드에 대한 RAS/RAF/ERK 경로 ;
프라조신 , 클로로퀸, 아르테미시닌, 이트라코나졸 , AM404 , 알벤다졸 , 리토나비르에 대한 PI3K/AKT/mTOR 경로; 및
아스프린, 벤즈트로핀, 메벤다졸, 니클로사미드에 대한 WNT/ β-카테닌 경로.
Table 1. 암 치료를 위한 비종양학 저분자 약물의 용도 변경.
Original indication Name Cancer type Mechanism
| Cardiovascular drugs | Losartan | Glioblastoma/Ovarian cancer | Decompressing vessels by reducing solid stress/reducing cell proliferation and growth/apoptosis | |
| Irbesartan | Prostate cancer | Targeting the proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, apoptosis and TGF-β1/STAT-3 signaling | ||
| Valsartan | Gastric cancer/Hepatic cancer | Targeting PI3K/AKT signaling | ||
| Telmisartan | Lung cancer/Gastric cancer | WNT/β-catenin pathway | ||
| Olmesartan | Breast cancer | Blocking RAS and NF-κB pathway leading to cytotoxicity and apoptosis | ||
| Captopril | Colorectal cancer/Glioblastoma | Inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor invasion | ||
| Enalapril | Colorectal cancer/Pancreatic cancer | Suppressing proliferation, angiogenesis, and NF-κB/STAT3-regulated proteins | ||
| Verapamil | Colorectal cancer/Breast cancer/Liver cancer | P-gp inhibitor | ||
| Benazepril | Esophageal carcinoma/Gastrointestinal cancers | Inhibiting the cell growth | ||
| Carvedilol | Glioblastoma/Pancreatic cancer/Breast cancer | Inducing mitochondrial damage/inhibiting cell proliferation and migration | ||
| Propranolol | Hemangioma/Melanoma/Prostate cancer | Inhibiting angiogenesis and migration of cancer cells/interfering SOX18 transcriptional activity | ||
| Atenolol | Gastric cancer | Inhibiting apoptosis, proliferation, migration and inflammatory cell responses for cancer therapy | ||
| Digoxin | Pulmonary tumor/Prostate cancer/Breast cancer/Glioblastoma/Leukemia | Inhibiting Na+/K+ ATPase/apoptosis/suppressing HIF-1α accumulation/reducing ERK pathway/inducing expression of P21Cip1 | ||
| Pitavastatin | Glioblastoma | Inhibiting mevalonate pathway/suppressing tumor cell MDR-1 protein and cell proliferation | ||
| Simvastatin | Glioblastoma | Inhibiting cell proliferation and migration/apoptosis via increasing caspase-3 activity/downregulating the PI3K/AKT pathway | ||
| Mevastatin | Glioblastoma | Inhibiting cell proliferation/apoptosis via suppressing RAS/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways | ||
| Fluvastatin | Breast cancer/Renal cancer | mTOR pathway/P21 | ||
| Atorvastatin | Glioblastoma | Inhibiting proliferation, migration and invasion/downregulating MMP via P38 MAPK pathway/apoptosis via caspase-8 and caspase-3 pathway | ||
| Lovastatin | Glioblastoma | Inhibiting cell proliferation and MAPK pathway to induce apoptosis/increasing G0/G1 cell arrest | ||
| Cerivastatin | Glioblastoma | Downregulating FAK phosphorylation to inhibit cell adhesion and invasion | ||
| Ticlopidine | Glioblastoma | Autophagy | ||
| Prazosin | Glioblastoma | Apoptosis via activating caspase-3 | ||
| Fenofibrate | Colon cancer | PPAR-α | ||
| Verapamil | Glioblastoma | Inducing apoptosis by increasing the BAX/BCL-2 ratio | ||
| Sildenafil | Glioblastoma | Increasing BBTB permeability via cGMP pathway | ||
| Microbiological agents | Chloroquine | Glioblastoma/Pancreatic cancer | Autophagy/inhibiting MMP-2 activity, cell proliferation and invasion | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | Cancer | Autophagy | ||
| Mefloquine | Glioblastoma | Inhibiting cell proliferation via inducing cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase/autophagy | ||
| Artemisinin | Breast cancer | Caspase-dependent apoptosis/STAT3 | ||
| Dihydroartemisinin | Cancer | Inducing oxidative stress response by reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, DNA damage | ||
| Artesunate | Cancer | Inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor-related signal transduction pathways | ||
| Artemether | Cancer | Apoptosis, autophagy and ferroptosis | ||
| Arteether | Cancer | Targeting NF-κB, MYC/MAX, AP-1, CREBP | ||
| Daraprim | Triple-negative breast cancer | STAT3 inhibitor | ||
| Quinacrine | Glioblastoma | Apoptosis and autophagy | ||
| Amodiaquine | Melanoma | Apoptosis and autophagy | ||
| Artefenomel | Cancer | Regulating the PD-L1 to PD-1 axis for establishing CD4+ T cell immunity | ||
| Itraconazole | Prostate cancer/Glioblastoma/Non-small cell lung cancer/Liver cancer/Gastric cancer | Inhibiting hedgehog pathway, AKT–mTOR pathway and angiogenesis | ||
| Posaconazole | Acute myeloid leukemia/Glioblastoma cancer | Targeting HK2-expressing | ||
| Ketoconazole | Glioblastoma/Colorectal cancer | Reducing glycolytic metabolism | ||
| Tioconazole | Breast cancer | Inhibiting ATG4 to suppress autophagy | ||
| Enilconazole | Colorectal cancer | Inhibiting WNT/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT pathways | ||
| Ciprofloxacin | Colon cancer | Inhibiting the ABCB1 efflux function to reverse MDR | ||
| Antibiotics | Bedaquiline | Triple-negative breast cancer | Leading mitochondrial dysfunction and ATP depletion | |
| Doxycycline | Breast cancer | Inhibiting the cancer stem cell phenotype and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition | ||
| Tigecycline | Ovarian cancer/Myeloid leukemia | Targeting MYC, HIFs, PI3K/AKT or AMPK-mediated mTOR, cytoplasmic P21CIP1/Waf1, and WNT/β-catenin signaling | ||
| Clofoctol | Prostate cancer | Inhibiting cancer cell growth through activating ER stress and three branches of the UPR pathway | ||
| Anti-viral drugs | Ritonavir | Ovarian cancer/Melanoma | Blocking AKT/mTOR pathway/expressing G1 phase | |
| Nelfinavir | Melanoma/Rectal cancer | Suppressing PAX3 and MITF expression | ||
| Maraviroc | Triple-negative breast cancer | Blocking lymphangiogenesis and cancer metastasis | ||
| L-870810 | Cancer | Cytotoxicity in cancer cell and inhibiting select oncogenic kinases | ||
| Anti-inflammatory drugs | Aspirin | Colon cancer/Breast cancer | Inhibiting COX enzymes/downregulating WNT/β-catenin pathway | |
| Auranofin | Glioblastoma | Inducing cell ferroptosis | ||
| Celecoxib | Glioblastoma/Lung cancer | P53-dependent G1 cell cycle arrest and autophagy/downregulating NF-κB, caspase-9, BAX and BCL-XL | ||
| Ibuprofen | Prostate cancer/Melanoma/Lung cancer/Adenocarcinoma/Gastric cancer | Inhibiting COX enzymes/reducing angiogenesis and cell proliferation/apoptosis | ||
| Anti-neurodegenerative drugs | Benztropine | Breast cancer/Pancreatic cancer | Acting on SLC6A3/DAT and STAT3 pathways | |
| Benserazide | Colon cancer/Melanoma | Inhibiting HK2 pathway | ||
| Donepezil | Glioblastoma | Increasing cell mitosis duration and inducing cell mitotic arrest | ||
| Memantine | Glioblastoma | Inhibiting proliferation/autophagy | ||
| Riluzole | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest | ||
| Antipsychotic drugs | Chlorpromazine | Glioblastoma/Colorectal cancer | Inhibiting AKT/mTOR pathway | |
| Fluphenazine | Triple-negative breast cancer | Inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest/apoptosis | ||
| Penfluridol | Glioblastoma/Triple-negative breast cancer | Inhibiting transcription factor GLI1 and integrin pathway | ||
| Olanzapine | Glioblastoma | Inhibiting proliferation, migration and anchorage-independent growth/inducing apoptosis, necrosis and cytostasis | ||
| Risperidone | Adenocarcinoma | Decreasing proliferation | ||
| Clomipramine | Glioblastoma | Activating JNK/JUN pathway/increasing cytochrome c release and apoptosis activated by caspase-3 | ||
| KRICT-9 | Cancer | Inhibiting STAT3 | ||
| Antidepressants | Imipramine | Glioblastoma/Small cell lung cancer | Inducing high level of autophagy and cell death | |
| Trimipramine | Prostate cancer | Increasing plasma levels of CYP2D6 substrates | ||
| Amitriptyline | Prostate cancer | Increasing plasma levels of CYP2D6 substrates | ||
| All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) | Colorectal cancer/Acute myeloid leukemia | Enhancing the effects of EVI1 | ||
| Tranylcypromine | Breast cancer | LSD1/HDACs dual inhibitor | ||
| Fluoxetine | Hepatocellular cancer/Lung cancer | Blocking AKT/NF-κB or ERK/NF-κB activation and inducing apoptosis | ||
| Citalopram | Burkitt lymphoma | Inhibiting proliferation/inducing apoptosis in cancer cell/downregulating AKT pathway | ||
| Paroxetine | Breast cancer | Inducing apoptosis through Ca2+ and P38 MAP kinase-dependent ROS generation | ||
| Sertraline | Liver cancer/Breast cancer/Prostate cancer | Dual activation of apoptosis and autophagy signaling by deregulating redox balance | ||
| Proscillaridin A | Glioblastoma | Activating GSK3β/alternating microtubule dynamics | ||
| Valproic acid | Prostate cancer/Gastric cancer | Inhibiting histone deacetylase to reduce cancer cell proliferation/apoptosis/inhibiting angiogenesis | ||
| Other drugs | Metformin | Glioblastoma/Non-small cell lung cancer/Rectal cancer/Prostate cancer/Ovarian cancer | Autophagy/apoptosis/inducing G1 cell arrest | |
| Pioglitazone | Lung cancer/Glioblastoma | PPARγ/inhibiting WNT/β-catenin pathway/apoptosis | ||
| Repaglinide | Glioblastoma | Inhibiting proliferation and migration of tumor cell/reducing BCL-2, Beclin1 and PD-L1 expression/blocking immune checkpoint signaling | ||
| Rosiglitazone | Glioblastoma | Inhibiting cell proliferation by causing G2/M arrest and apoptosis | ||
| Buformin | Breast cancer | Inhibiting receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and mTOR pathway/reducing cell proliferation | ||
| Ciglitazone | Glioblastoma | Lossing mitochondrial membrane potential along with increasing ROS | ||
| Phenformin | Breast cancer/Rectal cancer | Targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling | ||
| Mebendazole | Glioblastoma | Inhibiting proliferation and angiogenesis/BRAF–MEK–ERK pathway/upregulating expression of pro-inflammatory genes | ||
| Albendazole | Lung cancer | Inhibiting HIF-1α-dependent glycolysis and VEGF | ||
| Flubendazole | Breast cancer | Inhibiting STAT3 and activating autophagy/targeting P53 and promoting ferroptosis | ||
| Niclosamide | Hepatocellular carcinoma/Adrenocortical carcinoma/Leukemia/Lung cancer/Osteosarcoma | Reversing cancer gene expression/inhibiting tumor cell proliferation | ||
| Disulfiram | Glioblastoma | Activating JNK and P38 pathways/inhibiting NF-κB and MGMT/inducing ROS/DNA damage | ||
| AM404 | Colorectal cancer/Glioblastoma | Induce cell differentiation and impede neoplastic cell growth/suppressing the oncogenic FBXL5 | ||
| Salbutamol | Breast cancer | Inhibiting migration, invasion and metastasis | ||
| Raloxifene | Breast cancer | Inhibiting IL-6/GP130 interaction | ||
| Bazedoxifene | Breast cancer | Inhibiting cell viability, cell migration, colony formation, and tumor growth and inducing apoptosis | ||
| Thiabendazole | Prostate cancer/Breast cancer | Cytotoxicity | ||
| Azelnidipine | Cancer | Blocking CD47/SIRPα and TIGIT/PVR pathways through co-targeting SIRPα and PVR |
3.1 . 암 치료를 위한 심혈관 약물 용도 변경
Table 2. Repurposing non-oncology drugs under clinical trials.
Drug nameCancer typeClinical trial identifier
| Losartan | Pancreatic cancer | NCT03563248 (phase 2) |
| Pancreatic cancer | NCT01821729 (phase 2) | |
| Pancreatic cancer | NCT04106856 (phase 1) | |
| Osteosarcoma | NCT03900793 (phase 1) | |
| Glioblastoma | NCT03951142 (phase 2) | |
| Captopril | Lung cancer | NCT00077064 (phase 2) |
| Infantile hemangioma | NCT04288700 (phase 4) | |
| Verapamil | Brain cancer | NCT00706810 (phase 2) |
| Hodgkin lymphoma | NCT03013933 (phase 1) | |
| Carvedilol | Breast cancer | NCT02993198 (phase 2) |
| Glioblastoma | NCT03980249 (early phase 1) | |
| Glioblastoma | NCT03861598 (early phase 1) | |
| Propranolol | Gastric cancer | NCT04005365 (phase 2) |
| Breast cancer | NCT02596867 (phase 2) | |
| Bladder cancer | NCT04493489 (phase 2) | |
| Pancreatic neoplasms | NCT03838029 (phase 2) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT02596867 (phase 2) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT02013492 (early phase 1) | |
| Prostate carcinoma | NCT03152786 (phase 2) | |
| Skin melanoma | NCT01988831 (phase 2) | |
| Esophageal adenocarcinoma | NCT04682158 (phase 2) | |
| Infantile hemangioma | NCT01056341 (phase 2/3) | |
| Cavernous malformations | NCT03523650 (phase 1) | |
| Atenolol | Hemangioma | NCT02342275 (phase 3) |
| Infantile hemangioma | NCT03237637 (phase 3) | |
| Digoxin | Head and neck cancer | NCT02906800 (phase 1/2) |
| Prostate cancer | NCT01162135 (phase 2) | |
| Malignant melanoma | NCT01765569 (phase 1) | |
| Melanoma | NCT02138292 (phase 1) | |
| Pitavastatin | Breast cancer | NCT04705909 (phase 2/3) |
| Acute myeloid leukemia | NCT04512105 (phase 1) | |
| Simvastatin | Breast cancer | NCT03324425 (phase 2) |
| Breast cancer | NCT00334542 (phase 2) | |
| Pancreatic cancer | NCT00944463 (phase 2) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT00807950 (phase 2) | |
| Colorectal cancer | NCT01110785 (phase 2) | |
| Adenocarcinoma of rectum | NCT02161822 (phase 2) | |
| Colorectal cancer | NCT00313859 (phase 2) | |
| Myeloma | NCT01332617 (phase 2) | |
| Multiple myeloma | NCT00281476 (phase 1/2) | |
| Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | NCT00828282 (phase 1) | |
| Atorvastatin | Prostate cancer | NCT04026230 (phase 3) |
| Prostatic neoplasms | NCT01821404 (phase 2) | |
| Endometrial cancer | NCT02767362 (early phase 1) | |
| Malignant disease | NCT03560882 (phase 1) | |
| Kidney cancer | NCT00490698 (phase 2) | |
| Acute myelogenous leukemia | NCT01491958 (phase 2) | |
| Myeloma | NCT00164086 (phase 1) | |
| Glioblastoma multiforme | NCT02029573 (phase 2) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | NCT02819869 (phase 2) | |
| Lovastatin | Breast cancer | NCT00584012 (phase 1) |
| Ovarian cancer | NCT00585052 (phase 2) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT00285857 (phase 2) | |
| Acute myeloid leukemia | NCT00583102 (phase 1/2) | |
| Melanoma | NCT00963664 (phase 2) | |
| Melanoma | NCT00462280 (phase 2) | |
| Neurofibromatosis type 1 | NCT00853580 (phase 2) | |
| Verapamil | Brain cancer | NCT00706810 (phase 2) |
| Recurrent hodgkin lymphoma | NCT03013933 (phase 1) | |
| Sildenafil | Pancreatic cancer | NCT02106871 (phase 1) |
| Lung cancer | NCT00752115 (phase 2/3) | |
| Solid tumor | NCT02466802 (phase 1) | |
| Lymphatic malformations | NCT02335242 (phase 2) | |
| Glioblastoma | NCT01817751 (phase 2) | |
| Lymphangioma | NCT01290484 (phase 1/2) | |
| Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia | NCT00165295 (phase 2) | |
| Chloroquine | Lung cancer | NCT01575782 (phase 1) |
| Breast cancer | NCT02333890 (phase 2) | |
| Lung cancer | NCT00969306 (phase 1) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT01446016 (phase 2) | |
| Malignant neoplasm | NCT02071537 (phase 1) | |
| Carcinoma | NCT01023477 (phase 1/2) | |
| Glioma | NCT02496741 (phase 1/2) | |
| Brain metastasis | NCT01894633 (phase 2) | |
| Glioblastoma multiforme | NCT02378532 (phase 1) | |
| Glioblastoma | NCT02432417 (phase 2) | |
| Glioblastoma | NCT04772846 (phase 1/2) | |
| Glioblastoma multiforme | NCT00224978 (phase 3) | |
| Artemisinin | Ovarian cancer | NCT04805333 (phase 1) |
| Quinacrine | Prostatic cancer | NCT00417274 (phase 2) |
| Lung cancer | NCT01839955 (phase 1) | |
| Colorectal adenocarcinoma | NCT01844076 (phase 1/2) | |
| Renal cell carcinoma | NCT00574483 (phase 2) | |
| Itraconazole | Prostate cancer | NCT03513211 (phase 1/2) |
| Prostate cancer | NCT00887458 (phase 2) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT02054793 (phase 1/2) | |
| Lung cancer | NCT03664115 (phase 2) | |
| Esophageal cancer | NCT02749513 (early phase 1) | |
| Lung cancer | NCT02357836 (early phase 1) | |
| Ovarian cancer | NCT03081702 (phase 1/2) | |
| Lung cancer | NCT00769600 (phase 2) | |
| Lung cancer | NCT02157883 (phase 1) | |
| Solid tumours | NCT01900028 (phase 1) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT01450683 (phase 2) | |
| Lung cancer | NCT01752023 (phase 2) | |
| Esophageal neoplasm | NCT04481100 (phase 2) | |
| Prostate adenocarcinoma | NCT01787331 (phase 2) | |
| Advanced solid tumors | NCT02259010 (phase 1) | |
| Ketoconazole | Prostate cancer | NCT00895310 (phase 2) |
| Breast cancer | NCT00212095 (phase 2) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT01036594 (phase 2) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT00953576 (phase 1/2) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT00003084 (phase 2) | |
| Granulosa cell tumour of the ovary | NCT01584297 (phase 2) | |
| Advanced cancer | NCT00708591 (phase 1) | |
| Prostatic neoplasms | NCT00032825 (phase 1) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT03796273 (early phase 1) | |
| Solid tumors | NCT00697437 (phase 2) | |
| Ciprofloxacin | Prostate cancer | NCT02252978 (phase 2) |
| Bladder cancer | NCT00003824 (phase 3) | |
| Leukemia | NCT02773732 (phase 1/2) | |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | NCT04523987 (phase 1) | |
| Doxycycline | Pancreatic cancer | NCT02775695 (phase 2) |
| Breast carcinoma | NCT02874430 (phase 2) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT01847976 (phase 2) | |
| Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | NCT03076281 (phase 2) | |
| Lymphangioleiomyomatosis | NCT00989742 (phase 4) | |
| Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma | NCT02341209 (phase 2) | |
| Melanoma | NCT01590082 (phase 1/2) | |
| Ritonavir | Breast cancer | NCT01009437 (phase 1) |
| Nelfinavir | Non-hodgkin lymphoma/Hodgkin lymphoma/Gastric cancer/Nasopharyngeal cancer | NCT02080416 (early phase 1) |
| Colorectal cancer | NCT00704600 (phase 1/2) | |
| Head and neck neoplasms | NCT01065844 (phase 2) | |
| Non-small cell lung cancer | NCT00791336 (phase 2) | |
| Non-small cell lung cancer | NCT01108666 (phase 2) | |
| Glioblastoma | NCT00694837 (phase 1) | |
| Glioma | NCT01020292 (phase 1) | |
| Maraviroc | Hematologic malignancy | NCT01785810 (phase 2) |
| Metastatic colorectal cancer | NCT03274804 (phase 1) | |
| Aspirin | Colorectal cancer | NCT00578721 (phase 2) |
| Colorectal cancer | NCT02607072 (phase 3) | |
| Colorectal cancer | NCT00565708 (phase 3) | |
| Colorectal cancer | NCT02647099 (phase 3) | |
| Colorectal cancer | NCT02945033 (phase 3) | |
| Colorectal cancer | NCT03957902 (phase 2) | |
| Colorectal cancer | NCT00002527 (phase 3) | |
| Colorectal cancer | NCT02125409 (phase 3) | |
| Colorectal cancer | NCT02965703 (phase 2) | |
| Lynch syndrome | NCT02813824 (phase 3) | |
| Lynch syndrome I | NCT02497820 (phase 3) | |
| Colon cancer/Rectal cancer | NCT00468910 (phase 2) | |
| Colon cancer | NCT02467582 (phase 3) | |
| Colon cancer | NCT02301286 (phase 3) | |
| Colon cancer | NCT03464305 (phase 3) | |
| Colon cancer | NCT00224679 (phase 3) | |
| Rectal cancer | NCT03170115 (phase 2) | |
| Gastric cancer | NCT04214990 (phase 3) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT03491410 (phase 2/3) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT00727948 (early phase 1) | |
| Node positive HER2 negative breast cancer | NCT02927249 (phase 3) | |
| Fallopian tube cancer | NCT03771651 (early phase 1) | |
| Non-small cell lung cancer | NCT01058902 (phase 3) | |
| Non-small cell lung cancer | NCT01707823 (early phase 1) | |
| Prostate cancer/Gastro-oesophageal cancer/Colorectal cancer/Breast cancer | NCT02804815 (phase 3) | |
| Urinary bladder neoplasms | NCT02350543 (phase 4) | |
| Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma | NCT03900871 (early phase 1) | |
| Cutaneous melanoma | NCT03396952 (phase 2) | |
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | NCT03290820 (phase 2) | |
| Glioblastoma | NCT00790452 (phase 2) | |
| Melanoma | NCT04062032 (phase 2) | |
| Melanoma | NCT04066725 (phase 2) | |
| Celecoxib | Endometrium cancer | NCT03896113 (phase 2) |
| Breast cancer | NCT00328432 (phase 1) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT01695226 (phase 2) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT00056082 (phase 2) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT00045591 (phase 2) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT00291694 (phase 2) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT02429427 (phase 3) | |
| Metastatic cancer | NCT03864575 (phase 2) | |
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | NCT02739204 (phase 2) | |
| Lung cancer | NCT00104767 (phase 1) | |
| Lung cancer | NCT01503385 (phase 2) | |
| Lung cancer | NCT00020878 (phase 2) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT02840162 (phase 2) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT00022399 (phase 2) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT00073970 (phase 2) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT00136487 (phase 2/3) | |
| Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis | NCT00571701 (phase 2) | |
| Cervix neoplasms | NCT00152828 (phase 1/2) | |
| Head and neck cancer/Lung cancer | NCT00527982 (phase 2) | |
| Non muscle invasive bladder cancer | NCT02343614 (phase 2) | |
| Head and neck cancer | NCT00061906 (phase 2) | |
| Head and neck cancer | NCT00014404 (phase 2) | |
| Smoldering multiple myeloma | NCT00099047 (phase 2) | |
| Recurrent bladder cancer | NCT00006124 (phase 2/3) | |
| Uterine cancer | NCT00231829 (phase 2) | |
| Colorectal carcinoma | NCT00582660 (phase 2) | |
| Cervical carcinoma | NCT00081263 (phase 2) | |
| Non-small cell lung cancer | NCT00108186 (phase 1) | |
| Lymphangioleiomyomatosis | NCT02484664 (phase 2) | |
| Memantine | Glioblastoma | NCT01260467 (phase 2) |
| Chlorpromazine | Glioblastoma multiforme/MGMT-unmethylated glioblastoma | NCT04224441 (phase 2) |
| Fluphenazine | Multiple myeloma and plasma cell neoplasm | NCT00335647 (phase 1/2) |
| Multiple myeloma | NCT00821301 (phase 1) | |
| Imipramine | Breast cancer | NCT03122444 (early phase 1) |
| Metformin | Breast cancer | NCT01302002 (early phase 1) |
| Breast cancer | NCT04387630 (phase 2/3) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT01266486 (phase 2) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT01310231 (phase 2) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT01589367 (phase 2) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT01566799 (phase 2) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT00930579 (phase 2) | |
| Breast cancer | NCT00909506 (phase 2) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT03137186 (phase 2) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT01620593 (phase 2) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT01243385 (phase 2) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT01215032 (phase 2) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT01677897 (phase 2) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT01733836 (phase 2) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT04925063 (phase 2) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT00881725 (phase 2) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT01864096 (phase 3) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT03031821 (phase 3) | |
| Endometrial cancer | NCT01205672 (early phase 1) | |
| Endometrial cancer | NCT01911247 (early phase 1) | |
| Endometrial cancer | NCT02990728 (phase 2) | |
| Endometrial cancer | NCT02042495 (phase 2) | |
| Endometrial cancer | NCT04792749 (phase 3) | |
| Colorectal cancer | NCT01632020 (phase 2) | |
| Colorectal cancer | NCT01926769 (phase 2) | |
| Colon cancer | NCT01440127 (phase 1) | |
| Rectal cancer | NCT02437656 (phase 2) | |
| Bladder cancer | NCT03379909 (phase 2) | |
| Head and neck cancer | NCT02402348 (early phase 1) | |
| Head and neck squamous cell cancer | NCT02083692 (early phase 1) | |
| Non-small cell lung cancer | NCT01997775 (phase 2) | |
| Non-small cell lung cancer/Lung cancer | NCT03086733 (phase 2) | |
| Non-small cell lung cancer/Lung cancer | NCT01717482 (phase 2) | |
| Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors | NCT02279758 (phase 2) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | NCT02319200 (phase 3) | |
| Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | NCT01750567 (phase 2) | |
| Pioglitazone | Lung cancer | NCT00780234 (phase 2) |
| Thyroid cancer | NCT01655719 (phase 2) | |
| Non-small cell lung cancer | NCT00923949 (phase 2) | |
| Non-small cell lung cancer | NCT01342770 (phase 2) | |
| Pancreatic cancer | NCT01838317 (phase 2) | |
| Pancreatic cancer | NCT00867126 (early phase 1) | |
| Prostate cancer | NCT04658849 (early phase 1) | |
| Skin squamous cell cancer | NCT02347813 (phase 2) | |
| Mebendazole | Medulloblastoma/Astrocytoma/Glioblastoma/Anaplastic astrocytoma/Brain stem neoplasms/Oligodendroblastoma/Anaplastic oligodendroglioma/Malignant glioma | NCT02644291 (phase 1) |
| High-grade glioma | NCT01729260 (phase 1) | |
| Niclosamide | Colon cancer | NCT02687009 (phase 1) |
| Colorectal cancer | NCT02519582 (phase 2) | |
| Disulfiram | Metastatic breast cancer | NCT03323346 (phase 2) |
| Melanoma | NCT00256230 (phase 1/2) | |
| Raloxifene | Endometrial cancer | NCT00004915 (phase 2) |
****************************************************
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