2012
https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04350.x
Herb–drug interactions: an overview of systematic reviews
Table 2. The found herb–drug interactions for each class of medication
Class of medicationHerbType of interactionSynergismAntagonism
| Alzheimer's agents | Saffron (Crocus sativus) | x | |
| Anaesthetics | Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) | x | |
| Analgesics | Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) | x | |
| Green tea (Camellia sinensis) | x | ||
| Anti-arrhythmias | Ginseng (Panax ginseng) | x | x |
| Antibiotics | Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) | x | |
| Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) | x | ||
| St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) | x | ||
| Anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents | Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) | x | |
| Ginseng (Panax ginseng) | x | ||
| Guggul (Commifora mukul) | x | ||
| Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) | x | ||
| Noni (Morinda citrifolia) | x | ||
| Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) | x | ||
| Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) | x | ||
| Senna (Cassia senna) | x | ||
| Turmeric (Curcuma longa) | x | ||
| Antidiabetics | Aloe (Aloe vera) | x | |
| Cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.) | x | ||
| Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) | x | ||
| Ginseng (Panax ginseng) | x | ||
| Gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre) | x | ||
| Turmeric (Curcuma longa) | x | ||
| Antihypertensives | Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) | x | |
| Chia (Salvia hispanica) | x | ||
| Mistletoe (Viscum album) | x | ||
| Saffron (Crocus sativus) | x | ||
| Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) | x | ||
| Anti-inflamatory agents | Aloe (Aloe vera) | x | |
| Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) | x | ||
| Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) | x | ||
| Antilipaemics | Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) | x | |
| Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) | x | ||
| Ginseng (Panax ginseng) | x | ||
| Green tea (Camellia sinensis) | x | ||
| Gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre) | x | ||
| Antineoplastics | Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) | x | |
| St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) | x | ||
| Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) | x | ||
| Anti-oxidants | Chia (Salvia hispanica) | x | |
| Antiseizures | Green tea (Camellia sinensis) | x | |
| Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) | x | ||
| Antivirals | Aloe (Aloe vera) | x | |
| Green tea (Camellia sinensis) | x | ||
| Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) | x | ||
| St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) | x | ||
| Anxiolytics | Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) | x | |
| β-adrenoceptor blockers | Green tea (Camellia sinensis) | x | |
| Guggul (Commifora mukul) | x | ||
| Turmeric (Curcuma longa) | x | ||
| Cholinergic agents | Butterbur (Petasites hybridus) | x | |
| Mistletoe (Viscum album) | x | ||
| CNS depressants | Kava (Piper methysticum) | x | |
| Mistletoe (Viscum album) | x | ||
| Cytochrome P450-metabolized agents | Echinacea spp. | x | x |
| Green tea (Camellia sinensis) | x | ||
| St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) | x | ||
| Dopamine agonists and antagonists | Kava (Piper methysticum) | x | |
| Diuretics | Ginseng (Panax ginseng) | x | |
| Mistletoe (Viscum album) | x | ||
| Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) | x | ||
| Gastroprotective agents | Belladonna (Herbae pulvis standardisatus) | x | |
| Hepatotoxic agents | Echinacea spp. | x | |
| Green tea (Camellia sinensis) | x | ||
| Noni (Morinda citrifolia) | x | ||
| Umckaloabo (Pelargonium sidoides) | x | ||
| Hormonal agents | Chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus) | x | |
| Ginseng (Panax ginseng) | x | ||
| Green tea (Camellia sinensis) | x | ||
| Red clover (Trifolium pratense) | x | x | |
| Saffron (Crocus sativus) | x | ||
| Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) | x | x | |
| Hypoglycaemics | Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) | x | |
| Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) | x | ||
| Immunomodulators | Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) | x | |
| St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) | x | ||
| Laxatives | Umckaloabo (Pelargonium sidoides) | x | |
| Leukotriene inhibitors | Boswellia (Boswellia serrata) | x | |
| Monoamine oxidase inhibitors | Saffron (Crocus sativus) | x | |
| Sedatives | Calendula (Calendula officinalis) | x | |
| Green tea (Camellia sinensis) | x | ||
| Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) | x | ||
| Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) | x | ||
| Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors | Saffron (Crocus sativus) | x |
- CNS, central nervous system.
Table 4. The most clinically important herb–drug interactions
HMPSynthetic drugClinical outcome
| Ginkgo | Anticoagulants, anti-inflammatory agents, antihypertensives, anaesthetics | Haemorrhage, apraxia, haematoma, hyphaema, permanent neurological deficit, death |
| Ginseng | Antidepressants, antidiabetics, anticoagulants, calcium channel blockers, cholesterol lowering agents, diuretics, hormonal agents | Inhibition of platelet aggregation, reduced platelet adhesiveness, hypoglycaemia, changes in blood pressure and heart rate, mania, headache, tremor, insomnia |
| Kava | Antidepressants, antiplatelets, CYP-450 metabolized agents, sedatives | Coma, sedation, lethargy, drowsiness |
| St John's wort | Antineoplastics, antimicrobials, antiretrovirals, hormonal agents, immunnosupressants | Transplant rejection, unwanted pregnancy, delayed emergence from anaesthesia, CVD collapse |
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